See ston on Wiktionary
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Architecture",
"orig": "enm:Architecture",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Geordie",
"lang_code": "en-geo",
"word": "styen"
},
{
"lang": "Ottawa Valley",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "stoan"
},
{
"lang": "Ottawa Valley",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "staun"
},
{
"lang": "West Riding",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "stoan"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "stone"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "stane"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "sthoan"
},
{
"lang": "Anglo-Norman",
"lang_code": "xno",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ston"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:stān"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*stainaz\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*stain\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"stān\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"ston\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"ston\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "stān",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English stān",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "stān"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English stān",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*stain"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *stain",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*stainaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *stainaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English stān, from Proto-West Germanic *stain, from Proto-Germanic *stainaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "stones",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ston",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stonen",
"tags": [
"error-unknown-tag",
"plural",
"rare"
]
},
{
"form": "stan",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "stane",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "stoan",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "stoon",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "stoone",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": "",
"var": ""
},
"expansion": "ston",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stones",
"pl2": "ston",
"pl3": "stonen",
"pl3_qual": "early, rare"
},
"expansion": "ston (plural stones or ston or (early, rare) stonen)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "brymston"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "capston"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "corner ston"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "flynt ston"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "graveston"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "gunneston"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "mylneston"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "pibleston"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "slykeston"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "stenen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "stonen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "Stonhenge"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "stony"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "wheston"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 12 13 12 4 4 12 4 14 11 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 24 27 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Geology",
"orig": "enm:Geology",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 19 20 7 2 2 8 9 2 6 2",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Rocks",
"orig": "enm:Rocks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
37,
41
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
40,
45
]
],
"english": "\"Judas, get up on the rock, high on the stone, / rest your head on my lap and fall asleep right away!\"",
"ref": "c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 15-16; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 29 May 2019:",
"text": "Iudaſ go þou on þe roc heie upon the ſton / lei þin heued i my barm, ſlep þou þe anon",
"translation": "\"Judas, get up on the rock, high on the stone, / rest your head on my lap and fall asleep right away!\"",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
32,
39
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
27,
32
]
],
"english": "And they said to hills and rocks: \"Fall on us and hide us from the face of the one that sits on the throne and from the wrath of the lamb […] \"",
"ref": "c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 6:16, folio 119, verso, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:",
"text": ".· ⁊ þei ſeien to hillis and to ſtoonys falle ȝe on us ⁊ hide ȝe vs fro þe face of hi[m] þat ſittiþ on the troone.· ⁊ fro þe wraþþe of þe lomb ·",
"translation": "And they said to hills and rocks: \"Fall on us and hide us from the face of the one that sits on the throne and from the wrath of the lamb […] \"",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A stone, boulder, or pebble"
],
"id": "en-ston-enm-noun-7NSte418",
"links": [
[
"stone",
"stone"
],
[
"boulder",
"boulder"
],
[
"pebble",
"pebble"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"A stone, boulder, or pebble:"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 12 13 12 4 4 12 4 14 11 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 24 27 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Geology",
"orig": "enm:Geology",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 19 20 7 2 2 8 9 2 6 2",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Rocks",
"orig": "enm:Rocks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A stone, boulder, or pebble:",
"A millstone or whetstone."
],
"id": "en-ston-enm-noun-la6p729x",
"links": [
[
"stone",
"stone"
],
[
"boulder",
"boulder"
],
[
"pebble",
"pebble"
],
[
"millstone",
"millstone"
],
[
"whetstone",
"whetstone"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 14 19 15 3 3 10 3 8 14 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 16 21 12 2 2 8 3 7 15 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 12 18 11 4 4 12 4 13 10 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 12 13 12 4 4 12 4 14 11 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 24 27 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Geology",
"orig": "enm:Geology",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 19 20 7 2 2 8 9 2 6 2",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Rocks",
"orig": "enm:Rocks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A stone, boulder, or pebble:",
"A pebble used in a slingshot."
],
"id": "en-ston-enm-noun-VHx9u~Ui",
"links": [
[
"stone",
"stone"
],
[
"boulder",
"boulder"
],
[
"pebble",
"pebble"
],
[
"pebble",
"pebble"
],
[
"slingshot",
"slingshot"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 12 13 12 4 4 12 4 14 11 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A solid mass resembling a stone",
"A piece of hail, a hailstone."
],
"id": "en-ston-enm-noun-SGI2mtnU",
"links": [
[
"hail",
"hail"
],
[
"hailstone",
"hailstone"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"A solid mass resembling a stone, particularly:",
"A piece of hail, a hailstone."
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A solid mass resembling a stone",
"A kidney stone or gallstone."
],
"id": "en-ston-enm-noun-8HMgy0X-",
"links": [
[
"kidney",
"kidney"
],
[
"gallstone",
"gallstone"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"A solid mass resembling a stone, particularly:",
"A kidney stone or gallstone."
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A solid mass resembling a stone",
"A pit; the hard seed of a fruit."
],
"id": "en-ston-enm-noun-qRZh2P4S",
"links": [
[
"pit",
"pit"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"A solid mass resembling a stone, particularly:",
"A pit; the hard seed of a fruit."
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 12 13 12 4 4 12 4 14 11 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A solid mass resembling a stone",
"A jewel; a gemstone."
],
"id": "en-ston-enm-noun-obNICQMx",
"links": [
[
"jewel",
"jewel"
],
[
"gemstone",
"gemstone"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"A solid mass resembling a stone, particularly:",
"A jewel; a gemstone."
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "3 3 3 3 8 3 7 61 3 3 3",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Genitalia",
"orig": "enm:Genitalia",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A solid mass resembling a stone",
"A testicle."
],
"id": "en-ston-enm-noun-gJytEXiD",
"links": [
[
"testicle",
"testicle"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"A solid mass resembling a stone, particularly:",
"(colloquial) A testicle."
],
"tags": [
"colloquial"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 12 13 12 4 4 12 4 14 11 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Stone as a material (especially in construction)"
],
"id": "en-ston-enm-noun-wqVvggrv"
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 12 13 12 4 4 12 4 14 11 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 11 12 11 3 3 11 3 7 24 3",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Buildings and structures",
"orig": "enm:Buildings and structures",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A stone structure or monument, especially a tomb or tombstone."
],
"id": "en-ston-enm-noun-IjN5MMzT",
"links": [
[
"structure",
"structure"
],
[
"monument",
"monument"
],
[
"tomb",
"tomb"
],
[
"tombstone",
"tombstone"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "5 6 5 10 10 10 10 10 5 5 23",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Units of measure",
"orig": "enm:Units of measure",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A stone (unit of mass)"
],
"id": "en-ston-enm-noun-HvAqP8h6"
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/stɔ̝ːn/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːn"
},
{
"ipa": "/stɑːn/",
"tags": [
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/staːn/",
"tags": [
"Northern"
]
}
],
"word": "ston"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-mid-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stonu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-in"
},
"expansion": "ston m inan",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"accp": "-",
"accs": "-",
"datp": "-",
"dats": "-",
"genp": "-",
"gens": "stonu",
"insp": "-",
"inss": "-",
"locp": "-",
"locs": "-",
"nomp": "-",
"rnoms": "ston",
"vocp": "-",
"vocs": "-"
},
"name": "pl-mid-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "one of the social layers into which society was divided in European countries from the 13th to the 18th centuries; belonging to such a class determined by origin or profession",
"word": "stan"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "4 5 4 4 2 2 4 2 5 4 2 54 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 3 3 3 1 1 3 1 3 3 1 66 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "97 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "93 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "97 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "93 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "96 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "91 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Łowicz Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Middle Polish form of stan (“one of the social layers into which society was divided in European countries from the 13th to the 18th centuries; belonging to such a class determined by origin or profession”)"
],
"id": "en-ston-pl-noun-Nafa09gZ",
"links": [
[
"stan",
"stan#Polish"
]
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish",
"alt-of",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "velvet decorated sleeveless part sewn onto a skirt",
"word": "stan"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Łowicz Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of stan (“velvet decorated sleeveless part sewn onto a skirt”)"
],
"id": "en-ston-pl-noun-RbfNH1YK",
"links": [
[
"stan",
"stan#Polish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Łowicz) alternative form of stan (“velvet decorated sleeveless part sewn onto a skirt”)"
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"inanimate",
"masculine",
"Łowicz"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈstɔn/",
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈstɔn]",
"tags": [
"Łowicz"
]
}
],
"word": "ston"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "srn",
"2": "en",
"3": "stone"
},
"expansion": "English stone",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From English stone.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "srn",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "ston",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Sranan Tongo",
"lang_code": "srn",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sranan Tongo entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "fayaston"
},
{
"word": "kubiston"
},
{
"word": "stonbangi"
},
{
"word": "stonbanti"
},
{
"word": "stonfutu"
},
{
"word": "Stonoso"
},
{
"word": "stonpopki"
},
{
"word": "stonskotu"
}
],
"glosses": [
"stone"
],
"id": "en-ston-srn-noun-3D1Q2o2s",
"links": [
[
"stone",
"stone#English"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/stoŋ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ston/"
},
{
"ipa": "[stʊ̞̃ŋ]"
},
{
"ipa": "[stɔ̝ŋ]"
}
],
"word": "ston"
}
{
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"2": "noun form"
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{
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{
"kind": "other",
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{
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},
{
"kind": "other",
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],
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{
"word": "sto"
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"sto",
"sto#Swedish"
]
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"plural"
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"word": "ston"
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"2": "en",
"3": "stone"
},
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"name": "der"
}
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"etymology_text": "From English stone.",
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{
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"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "ston",
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{
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{
"kind": "other",
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{
"kind": "other",
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"source": "w"
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{
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],
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{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
124,
128
]
],
"english": "→New International Version translation",
"ref": "1989, Buk Baibel long Tok Pisin, Port Moresby: Bible Society of Papua New Guinea, Jenesis 2:12:",
"text": "Long kantri Havila i gat gutpela gol, na i gat wanpela kain diwai, blut bilong en i gat gutpela smel. Na i gat wanpela kain ston i dai tumas, em ol i save kolim kanilian.",
"translation": "→New International Version translation",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"stone"
],
"id": "en-ston-tpi-noun-3D1Q2o2s",
"links": [
[
"stone",
"stone"
]
]
}
],
"word": "ston"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "stona",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "stons",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "inflection-table-top",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ston",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stons",
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"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stona",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stonas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stones",
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"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stoni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stonis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stonu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stonus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "o ston",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "o stons",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
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"2": "noun",
"3": "genitive",
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"cat2": "",
"f1accel-form": "gen|s",
"f2accel-form": "nom|p",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "ston (genitive stona, plural stons)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "ston (genitive stona, plural stons)",
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"lang_code": "vo",
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{
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{
"kind": "other",
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{
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{
"kind": "other",
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"parents": [],
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],
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{
"word": "stonacan"
},
{
"word": "stonik"
},
{
"word": "stonil"
},
{
"word": "stonön"
},
{
"word": "stonöp"
}
],
"glosses": [
"stone"
],
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[
"stone",
"stone"
]
],
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"Volapük Nulik"
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}
],
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{
"ipa": "/ston/"
}
],
"word": "ston"
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{
"categories": [
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"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *steh₂-",
"Middle English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *steyh₂-",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
"Rhymes:Middle English/ɔːn",
"Rhymes:Middle English/ɔːn/1 syllable",
"enm:Architecture",
"enm:Buildings and structures",
"enm:Genitalia",
"enm:Geology",
"enm:Rocks",
"enm:Units of measure"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Geordie",
"lang_code": "en-geo",
"word": "styen"
},
{
"lang": "Ottawa Valley",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "stoan"
},
{
"lang": "Ottawa Valley",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "staun"
},
{
"lang": "West Riding",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "stoan"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "stone"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "stane"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "sthoan"
},
{
"lang": "Anglo-Norman",
"lang_code": "xno",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ston"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
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"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:stān"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*stainaz\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*stain\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"stān\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"ston\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"ston\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
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},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
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{
"args": {
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"3": "stān",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English stān",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "stān"
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"expansion": "Inherited from Old English stān",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*stain"
},
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"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*stainaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *stainaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English stān, from Proto-West Germanic *stain, from Proto-Germanic *stainaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "stones",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ston",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stonen",
"tags": [
"error-unknown-tag",
"plural",
"rare"
]
},
{
"form": "stan",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "stane",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "stoan",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "stoon",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "stoone",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
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{
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"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": "",
"var": ""
},
"expansion": "ston",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
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"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "brymston"
},
{
"word": "capston"
},
{
"word": "corner ston"
},
{
"word": "flynt ston"
},
{
"word": "graveston"
},
{
"word": "gunneston"
},
{
"word": "mylneston"
},
{
"word": "pibleston"
},
{
"word": "slykeston"
},
{
"word": "stenen"
},
{
"word": "stonen"
},
{
"word": "Stonhenge"
},
{
"word": "stony"
},
{
"word": "wheston"
}
],
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{
"categories": [
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],
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{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
37,
41
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
40,
45
]
],
"english": "\"Judas, get up on the rock, high on the stone, / rest your head on my lap and fall asleep right away!\"",
"ref": "c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 15-16; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 29 May 2019:",
"text": "Iudaſ go þou on þe roc heie upon the ſton / lei þin heued i my barm, ſlep þou þe anon",
"translation": "\"Judas, get up on the rock, high on the stone, / rest your head on my lap and fall asleep right away!\"",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
32,
39
]
],
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[
27,
32
]
],
"english": "And they said to hills and rocks: \"Fall on us and hide us from the face of the one that sits on the throne and from the wrath of the lamb […] \"",
"ref": "c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 6:16, folio 119, verso, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:",
"text": ".· ⁊ þei ſeien to hillis and to ſtoonys falle ȝe on us ⁊ hide ȝe vs fro þe face of hi[m] þat ſittiþ on the troone.· ⁊ fro þe wraþþe of þe lomb ·",
"translation": "And they said to hills and rocks: \"Fall on us and hide us from the face of the one that sits on the throne and from the wrath of the lamb […] \"",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A stone, boulder, or pebble"
],
"links": [
[
"stone",
"stone"
],
[
"boulder",
"boulder"
],
[
"pebble",
"pebble"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"A stone, boulder, or pebble:"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A stone, boulder, or pebble:",
"A millstone or whetstone."
],
"links": [
[
"stone",
"stone"
],
[
"boulder",
"boulder"
],
[
"pebble",
"pebble"
],
[
"millstone",
"millstone"
],
[
"whetstone",
"whetstone"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A stone, boulder, or pebble:",
"A pebble used in a slingshot."
],
"links": [
[
"stone",
"stone"
],
[
"boulder",
"boulder"
],
[
"pebble",
"pebble"
],
[
"pebble",
"pebble"
],
[
"slingshot",
"slingshot"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A solid mass resembling a stone",
"A piece of hail, a hailstone."
],
"links": [
[
"hail",
"hail"
],
[
"hailstone",
"hailstone"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"A solid mass resembling a stone, particularly:",
"A piece of hail, a hailstone."
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A solid mass resembling a stone",
"A kidney stone or gallstone."
],
"links": [
[
"kidney",
"kidney"
],
[
"gallstone",
"gallstone"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"A solid mass resembling a stone, particularly:",
"A kidney stone or gallstone."
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A solid mass resembling a stone",
"A pit; the hard seed of a fruit."
],
"links": [
[
"pit",
"pit"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"A solid mass resembling a stone, particularly:",
"A pit; the hard seed of a fruit."
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A solid mass resembling a stone",
"A jewel; a gemstone."
],
"links": [
[
"jewel",
"jewel"
],
[
"gemstone",
"gemstone"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"A solid mass resembling a stone, particularly:",
"A jewel; a gemstone."
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English colloquialisms"
],
"glosses": [
"A solid mass resembling a stone",
"A testicle."
],
"links": [
[
"testicle",
"testicle"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"A solid mass resembling a stone, particularly:",
"(colloquial) A testicle."
],
"tags": [
"colloquial"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Stone as a material (especially in construction)"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A stone structure or monument, especially a tomb or tombstone."
],
"links": [
[
"structure",
"structure"
],
[
"monument",
"monument"
],
[
"tomb",
"tomb"
],
[
"tombstone",
"tombstone"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A stone (unit of mass)"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/stɔ̝ːn/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːn"
},
{
"ipa": "/stɑːn/",
"tags": [
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/staːn/",
"tags": [
"Northern"
]
}
],
"word": "ston"
}
{
"categories": [
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"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish 1-syllable words",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish inanimate nouns",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish masculine nouns",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Łowicz Polish"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-mid-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stonu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-in"
},
"expansion": "ston m inan",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"accp": "-",
"accs": "-",
"datp": "-",
"dats": "-",
"genp": "-",
"gens": "stonu",
"insp": "-",
"inss": "-",
"locp": "-",
"locs": "-",
"nomp": "-",
"rnoms": "ston",
"vocp": "-",
"vocs": "-"
},
"name": "pl-mid-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "one of the social layers into which society was divided in European countries from the 13th to the 18th centuries; belonging to such a class determined by origin or profession",
"word": "stan"
}
],
"categories": [
"Middle Polish"
],
"glosses": [
"Middle Polish form of stan (“one of the social layers into which society was divided in European countries from the 13th to the 18th centuries; belonging to such a class determined by origin or profession”)"
],
"links": [
[
"stan",
"stan#Polish"
]
],
"tags": [
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"Polish",
"alt-of",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "velvet decorated sleeveless part sewn onto a skirt",
"word": "stan"
}
],
"categories": [
"Łowicz Polish"
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of stan (“velvet decorated sleeveless part sewn onto a skirt”)"
],
"links": [
[
"stan",
"stan#Polish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Łowicz) alternative form of stan (“velvet decorated sleeveless part sewn onto a skirt”)"
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"inanimate",
"masculine",
"Łowicz"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈstɔn/",
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈstɔn]",
"tags": [
"Łowicz"
]
}
],
"word": "ston"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "fayaston"
},
{
"word": "kubiston"
},
{
"word": "stonbangi"
},
{
"word": "stonbanti"
},
{
"word": "stonfutu"
},
{
"word": "Stonoso"
},
{
"word": "stonpopki"
},
{
"word": "stonskotu"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "srn",
"2": "en",
"3": "stone"
},
"expansion": "English stone",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From English stone.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "srn",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "ston",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Sranan Tongo",
"lang_code": "srn",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Sranan Tongo entries with incorrect language header",
"Sranan Tongo lemmas",
"Sranan Tongo nouns",
"Sranan Tongo terms derived from English",
"Sranan Tongo terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"glosses": [
"stone"
],
"links": [
[
"stone",
"stone#English"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/stoŋ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ston/"
},
{
"ipa": "[stʊ̞̃ŋ]"
},
{
"ipa": "[stɔ̝ŋ]"
}
],
"word": "ston"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "noun form"
},
"expansion": "ston",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
"Swedish non-lemma forms",
"Swedish noun forms"
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "sto"
}
],
"glosses": [
"indefinite plural of sto"
],
"links": [
[
"sto",
"sto#Swedish"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
}
],
"word": "ston"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tpi",
"2": "en",
"3": "stone"
},
"expansion": "English stone",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From English stone.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tpi",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "ston",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Tok Pisin",
"lang_code": "tpi",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Tok Pisin entries with incorrect language header",
"Tok Pisin lemmas",
"Tok Pisin nouns",
"Tok Pisin terms derived from English",
"Tok Pisin terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
124,
128
]
],
"english": "→New International Version translation",
"ref": "1989, Buk Baibel long Tok Pisin, Port Moresby: Bible Society of Papua New Guinea, Jenesis 2:12:",
"text": "Long kantri Havila i gat gutpela gol, na i gat wanpela kain diwai, blut bilong en i gat gutpela smel. Na i gat wanpela kain ston i dai tumas, em ol i save kolim kanilian.",
"translation": "→New International Version translation",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"stone"
],
"links": [
[
"stone",
"stone"
]
]
}
],
"word": "ston"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "stonacan"
},
{
"word": "stonik"
},
{
"word": "stonil"
},
{
"word": "stonön"
},
{
"word": "stonöp"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "stona",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "stons",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "inflection-table-top",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ston",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stons",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stona",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stonas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stones",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stoni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stonis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stonu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stonus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "o ston",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "o stons",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vo",
"2": "noun",
"3": "genitive",
"4": "stona",
"5": "plural",
"6": "stons",
"cat2": "",
"f1accel-form": "gen|s",
"f2accel-form": "nom|p",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "ston (genitive stona, plural stons)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "ston (genitive stona, plural stons)",
"name": "vo-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Volapük",
"lang_code": "vo",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Volapük entries with incorrect language header",
"Volapük lemmas",
"Volapük nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"stone"
],
"links": [
[
"stone",
"stone"
]
],
"wikipedia": [
"Volapük Nulik"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ston/"
}
],
"word": "ston"
}
Download raw JSONL data for ston meaning in All languages combined (15.7kB)
{
"called_from": "page/1498/20230118",
"msg": "''A stone, boulder, or pebble:'[...]' gloss has examples we want to keep, but there are subglosses.",
"path": [
"ston"
],
"section": "Middle English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "ston",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Predicative'",
"path": [
"ston"
],
"section": "Volapük",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "ston",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "page/1896",
"msg": "Template nesting error: template_nesting = 1 couldn't split inflection templates, ston/Volapük section declension",
"path": [
"ston"
],
"section": "Volapük",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "ston",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (ccec6f1 and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.